Ana amfani da abubuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin masana'antar injiniya saboda fifikon su, kewayon kayan aikin injiniyoyi da ƙananan farashin. Har yanzu, ana amfani da kayan da ba ƙarfe ba a aikace-aikace daban-daban don takamaiman kaddarorinsu idan aka kwatanta da gami da ƙarfe duk da tsadarsu. Za'a iya samun kayan aikin injiniya da ake buƙata a cikin waɗannan gami ta ƙarfin aiki, ƙarancin shekaru, da dai sauransu, amma ba ta hanyar hanyoyin maganin zafi na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su don gami da ƙarfe ba. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan ban sha'awa wadanda basu da amfani sune aluminiya, tagulla, zinc, da magnesium
1. Aluminium
A cikin dukkan ƙarfe-ƙarfe da ba ƙarfe ba, aluminium da ginshiƙan sa sune mafi mahimmanci saboda kyawawan halayen su. Wasu daga cikin kaddarorin tsarkakakkun aluminium wanda aka yi amfani da shi a masana'antar injiniya sune:
1) Kyakkyawan haɓakar yanayin zafi (0.53 cal / cm / C)
2) Kyakkyawan haɓakar lantarki (376 600 / ohm / cm)
3) massarancin taro mai yawa (2.7 g / cm)
4) Matsakaicin narkewa (658C)
5) Kyakkyawan juriya na lalata
6) Ba shi da guba.
7) Yana da ɗayan mahimman tunani (85 zuwa 95%) da ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfi (4 zuwa 5%)
8) Yana da laushi sosai kuma yana da duhu sakamakon hakan yana da kyawawan kayan haɓaka masana'antu.
Wasu daga cikin aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da aluminium tsarkakakke ana amfani dasu a cikin wutan lantarki, kayan aikin radiators, na'urorin sanyaya daki, masu gani da haske, da kuma kayan kwalliya.
Duk da aikace-aikacen da ke sama, ba a yadu amfani da aluminium mai tsabta saboda matsaloli masu zuwa:
1) Yana da ƙananan ƙarfi (65 MPa) da taurin (20 BHN)
2. Yana da matukar wahalar walda ko siyarwa.
Kayan aikin inji na aluminum ana iya inganta su sosai ta hanyar haɗa abubuwa. Abubuwan haɗin haɗin da aka yi amfani da su sune jan ƙarfe, manganese, silicon, nickel da tutiya.
Aluminium da jan ƙarfe sunadaran CuAl2 na haɗin sunadarai. Sama da yawan zafin jiki na 548 C yana narkewa gaba ɗaya cikin alminiyon ruwa. Lokacin da aka kashe wannan kuma ya tsufa (tsawaita riƙewa a 100 - 150C), ana samun gami mai tauri. CuAl2, wanda bai tsufa ba bashi da lokaci don yin ruwa daga tabbataccen maganin alminiyon da jan ƙarfe kuma don haka yana cikin matsayi mara kyau (mai cike da cikakken yanayi a yanayin yanayin yanayi). Tsarin tsufa yana saukar da kyawawan ƙwayoyin CuAl2, wanda ke haifar da ƙarfafa gami. Wannan tsari ana kiransa hargitsi bayani.
Sauran abubuwan hadewar da aka yi amfani dasu sun kai magnesium 7%, har zuwa 1. 5% manganese, har zuwa 13% silicon, har zuwa 2% nickel, har zuwa 5% zinc kuma har zuwa 1.5% baƙin ƙarfe. Bayan waɗannan, ana iya saka titanium, chromium da columbium a ƙananan ƙananan. A abun da ke ciki na wasu hankula aluminum gami amfani a m gyare-gyare da kuma mutu simintin da aka bayar a cikin Table 2. 10 tare da su aikace-aikace. Kayan aikin inji da ake tsammani daga waɗannan kayan bayan waɗannan an jefa su ta amfani da molds na dindindin ko matsi na matsi da aka nuna a cikin Table 2.1
2. Tagulla
Mai kama da aluminum, tsarkakakken tagulla kuma yana samun aikace-aikace mai faɗi saboda abubuwan da yake bi
1) Haɗin wutar lantarki na jan ƙarfe mai tsayi ne (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) a cikin tsarkakakkiyar siga. Duk wani ƙarancin ƙazanta yana kawo tasirin tasirin sosai. Misali, kashi 1% na phosphorous yana rage karfin aiki da kashi 40%.
2) Yana da matukar tasirin haɓakar zafin jiki (0. 92 cal / cm / C)
3) Karfe ne mai nauyi (takamaiman nauyi 8.93)
4) Zai iya zama tare a sauƙaƙe tare da brazing
5) Yana tsayayya da lalata,
6) Yana da launi mai faranta rai.
Ana amfani da tsarkakakken jan ƙarfe don ƙera wayar lantarki, sandunan bas, igiyoyin watsawa, tubalin firiji da bututu.
Kayan aikin inji na jan ƙarfe a cikin tsarkakakken halin sa basu da kyau. Yana da taushi kuma yana da rauni ƙwarai. Ana iya haɗa shi da riba don inganta kayan aikin injiniya. Babban abubuwan gami da ake amfani dasu sune zinc, tin, lead da phosphorous.
Ana kiran gami da jan ƙarfe da tutiya tagulla. Tare da abun zinc har zuwa 39%, jan ƙarfe yana da tsari guda ɗaya (α-phase). Irin waɗannan alloys suna da babban ductility. Launin gami ya kasance ja har zuwa abun tutiya na 20%, amma bayan haka sai ya zama rawaya. Wani sashin tsari na biyu da ake kira β-phase ya bayyana tsakanin 39 zuwa 46% na tutiya. Haƙiƙa mahaɗan ƙarfe ne CuZn wanda ke da alhakin ƙara ƙarfi. Ofarfin tagulla yana ƙara ƙaruwa lokacin da aka ƙara ƙananan manganese da nickel.
Ana kiran gami da jan ƙarfe tare da kwano. Hardarfin ƙarfin da ƙarfin tagulla yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar abun cikin kwano. Hakanan an rage karfin aiki tare da karuwar yawan tin da ke sama da 5. Lokacin da aka hada aluminium (4 zuwa 11%), ana kiran gundarin da aka samu a matsayin tagulla na aluminium, wanda ke da matukar juriya da lalata abubuwa. Bronzes suna da tsada idan aka kwatanta da tagulla saboda kasancewar tin wanda ƙarfe ne mai tsada.
3. Sauran Karfe
Tutiya
Ana amfani da sinadarin Zinc sosai wajen aikin injiniya saboda ƙarancin zafin jiki na narkewa (419.4 C) da haɓakar lalata mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ƙaruwa da tsarkin zinc. Juriya na lalatawa yana haifar da samuwar abin kariya na oxide akan farfajiya. Manyan aikace-aikace na tutiya suna cikin galvanizing don kare karfe daga lalata, a cikin buga masana'antu da kuma don mutu simintin.
Rashin dacewar tutiya shine rashin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda aka nuna a ƙarƙashin gurɓatattun yanayi, rashin kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin yanayin tsufa, raguwar ƙarfin tasiri a yanayin ƙarancin yanayin zafi da mai saukin kamuwa da lalatattun abubuwa. Ba za a iya amfani da shi don sabis sama da zazzabi na 95.C ba saboda zai haifar da raguwa mai ƙarfi cikin ƙarfi da taurin ƙarfi.
Amfani da shi da yawa a cikin jifa shine saboda yana buƙatar ƙananan matsa lamba, wanda ke haifar da rayuwa mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran gami da baƙin ƙarfe. Bugu da ari, yana da kyau sosai machinability. Arshen aikin da zinc din zinare ya samu sau da yawa ya isa a ba da izinin ci gaba da aiki, sai dai don cire walƙiyar da ke cikin jirgin barin.
Magnesium
Saboda nauyinsu mai sauƙi da ƙarfin inji mai kyau, ana amfani da gami na magnesium a cikin saurin gaske. Don irin wannan taurin, gami na magnesium yana buƙatar 37. 2% kawai na nauyin ƙarfe C25 don haka adana cikin nauyi. Abubuwan haɓaka abubuwa biyu da aka yi amfani da su sune aluminum da tutiya. Magnesium gami na iya zama yashi yashi, dindindin gyararren simintin gyare-gyare ko mutu ya jefa Abubuwan haɗin kayan haɗin magnesium na yashi sun yi kama da na simintin gyare-gyaren dindindin ko abubuwan mutu-simintin aka gyara. Abubuwan haɗin gwal ɗin mutuƙar mutuƙar kaɗaici galibi ƙawancen suna da babban abun ciki na jan ƙarfe don ba da damar yin su daga ƙananan ƙarfe don rage farashin. Ana amfani da su don yin ƙafafun mota, abubuwan ƙyalli, da dai sauransu. Thearin abun ciki, mafi girman ƙarfin inji na haɓakar magnesium irin su birgima da ƙirƙirar abubuwa. Magnesium gami zai iya zama cikin sauƙin waldi ta yawancin hanyoyin walda na gargajiya. Kyakkyawan kayan amfani na gami na magnesium shine babban aikinsu. Suna buƙatar kusan 15% na ƙarfi don sarrafawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan ƙarfe.
Post lokaci: Dec-18-2020