Machining wani tsari ne wanda aka yanke abu (sau da yawa karfe) zuwa siffar karshe da ake so ta hanyar sarrafa kayan cirewa. Hanyoyin da ke da wannan jigo na gama gari, cire kayan sarrafawa, a yau an san su gaba ɗaya da masana'antu masu rahusa, a bambanta daga hanyoyin haɓaka kayan sarrafawa, waɗanda aka sani da masana'anta ƙari. Daidai abin da sashin "sarrafawa" na ma'anar ke nufi zai iya bambanta, amma kusan koyaushe yana nuna amfani da kayan aikin injin (ban da kayan aikin wuta kawai da kayan aikin hannu).
Machining wani bangare ne na kera mutane da yawakarfe kayayyakin, amma kuma ana iya amfani dashi akan kayan kamar itace, robobi, yumbu, da kuma abubuwan da aka haɗa. Mutumin da ya kware a aikin injina shi ake kira masani. Daki, gini, ko kamfani inda ake yin injina ana kiransa shagon injina. Yawancin injina na zamani ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar sarrafa numerical control (CNC), inda ake amfani da kwamfutoci wajen sarrafa motsi da aiki da injina, lathes, da sauran injinan yankan. Wannan yana ƙara haɓaka aiki, yayin da injin CNC ke aiki ba tare da wani mutum ba saboda haka yana rage farashin aiki don shagunan injin.
| CNC Mahimmancin Ƙarfin Mashina a RMC Foundry | |||
| Kayayyakin aiki | Yawan | Girman Rage (mm) | Ƙarfin shekara |
| Cibiyar Injin Injiniya (VMC) | 48 sets | 1,500 × 1,000 × 800 | ton 6,000 ko guda 300,000 |
| Horizontal Machining Center (VMC) | 12 sets | 1,200 × 800 × 600 | Ton 2,000 ko guda 100,000 |
| Injin CNC | 60 sets | Matsakaicin juyawa φ600 | Ton 5,000 ko guda 600,000 |
| Matsayin Haƙuri: ISO 8062 2013, ISO 2768, GOST 26645 (Rasha) ko GBT 6414 (China). | |||
Ana rarraba manyan hanyoyin injuna guda uku a matsayin juyawa, hakowa da niƙa. Sauran ayyukan da ke faɗowa cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun haɗa da tsarawa, tsarawa, gundura, tsinkewa da sarewa.
Juyawa ayyuka ne ayyuka da cewa juya workpiece a matsayin farko Hanyar motsi karfe da sabon kayan aiki. Lathes sune babban kayan aikin injin da ake amfani dashi wajen juyawa.
Ayyukan niƙa ayyuka ne waɗanda kayan aikin yankan ke juyawa don kawo yankan gefuna don ɗaukar nauyin aikin. Injin niƙa sune manyan kayan aikin injin da ake amfani da su wajen niƙa.
Ayyukan hakowa ayyuka ne waɗanda ake samarwa ko kuma tsabtace ramuka ta hanyar kawo abin yanka mai jujjuya tare da yankan gefuna a ƙananan ƙarshen cikin hulɗa da kayan aikin. Ana yin aikin hakowa ne da farko a cikin injin matsi amma wani lokaci akan lathes ko niƙa.
Ayyuka daban-daban ayyuka ne waɗanda a zahiri ba za su iya yin aikin injina ba saboda ƙila ba su kasance masu samar da ayyuka ba amma ana yin waɗannan ayyukan ta kayan aikin injin. Konewa misali ne na aiki daban-daban. Konewa ba ya haifar da swarf amma ana iya yin shi a injin lathe, niƙa, ko latsawa.
Kayan aikin da ba a gama ba yana buƙatar mashina zai buƙaci a yanke wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙãre samfurin. Ƙarshen samfurin zai zama kayan aiki wanda ya dace da ƙayyadaddun da aka tsara don wannan aikin ta zanen injiniya ko zane-zane. Misali, ana iya buƙatar kayan aiki don samun takamaiman diamita na waje. Lathe kayan aiki ne na injin da za a iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar wannan diamita ta hanyar jujjuya kayan aikin ƙarfe, ta yadda kayan aikin yankan zai iya yanke ƙarfe, ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai santsi, zagaye da ya dace da diamita da ake buƙata da ƙarewar saman. Ana iya amfani da rawar soja don cire ƙarfe a cikin siffar rami na silinda. Sauran kayan aikin da za a iya amfani da su don cire ƙarfe daban-daban sune injinan niƙa, zato, da injin niƙa. Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin iri ɗaya ana amfani da su a aikin katako.
Dabarun injina na ci gaba sun haɗa da daidaitoInjin CNC, lantarki fitarwa machining (EDM), electro-chemical yashwa, Laser yankan, ko ruwa jet yankan zuwa siffar karfe workpieces.
A matsayin sana'ar kasuwanci, ana yin gyare-gyare gabaɗaya a cikin kantin injina, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗakuna ɗaya ko fiye da ke ɗauke da manyan kayan aikin inji. Ko da yake kantin injin na iya zama aiki na tsaye, yawancin kasuwanci suna kula da shagunan injuna na ciki waɗanda ke goyan bayan buƙatun na musamman na kasuwanci.
Machining yana buƙatar kulawa ga cikakkun bayanai da yawa don aikin aikin don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka tsara a cikin zane-zanen injiniya ko zane-zane. Bayan bayyanannun matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da ma'auni daidai, akwai matsalar cimma daidaitaccen gamawa ko santsin saman kan kayan aikin. Ƙarƙashin ƙarewar da aka samu akan injin da aka ƙera na kayan aiki na iya zama lalacewa ta hanyar matsewa ba daidai ba, kayan aiki maras ban sha'awa, ko gabatar da kayan aiki da bai dace ba. Sau da yawa, wannan ƙarancin ƙarewar ƙasa, wanda aka sani da zance, yana bayyana ta hanyar ƙarewar rashin daidaituwa ko rashin daidaituwa, da bayyanar raƙuman ruwa akan saman na'urar aikin.
Machining shine duk wani tsari wanda ake amfani da kayan aiki don cire ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta daga kayan aiki (aiki sau da yawa ana kiransa "aiki"). Don yin aikin, ana buƙatar motsi na dangi tsakanin kayan aiki da aikin. Ana samun wannan motsi na dangi a yawancin aikin injina ta hanyar motsi na farko, wanda ake kira "cutting speed" da kuma motsi na biyu da ake kira "feed". Siffar kayan aiki da shiga cikin aikin aiki, haɗe tare da waɗannan motsi, suna samar da siffar da ake so na sakamakon aikin.
Ayyukan inji
Akwai nau'ikan ayyukan injuna iri-iri, kowannensu yana da ikon samar da wani yanki na lissafi da rubutu na sama.
A cikin juyawa, ana amfani da kayan aiki mai yankewa tare da yanki guda ɗaya don cire kayan aiki daga kayan aiki mai juyawa don samar da siffar cylindrical. Ana ba da motsi na farko ta hanyar jujjuya aikin aikin, kuma ana samun motsin ciyarwa ta hanyar motsa kayan aikin yankan sannu a hankali a cikin jagorar layi ɗaya da axis na juyawa na workpiece.
Ana amfani da hakowa don ƙirƙirar rami mai zagaye. Ana cim ma ta da kayan aiki mai jujjuyawa wanda yawanci yana da gefuna masu yankan helical biyu ko huɗu. Ana ciyar da kayan aiki a cikin shugabanci daidai da axis na juyawa zuwa cikin workpiece don samar da ramin zagaye.
A cikin ban sha'awa, kayan aiki tare da tukwici mai lanƙwasa guda ɗaya yana haɓaka cikin rami da aka ƙera kusan a cikin kayan aikin juyi don ƙara girman ramin da haɓaka daidaitonsa. Yana da kyakkyawan aikin gamawa da aka yi amfani da shi a matakin ƙarshe na kera samfur.
Reaming yana daya daga cikin ayyukan girman da ke cire karamin karfe daga cikin rami da aka hako.
A cikin niƙa, kayan aiki mai jujjuyawa tare da gefuna da yawa ana motsawa sannu a hankali dangane da kayan don samar da jirgin sama ko madaidaiciya. Jagoran motsin ciyarwar yana daidai da ma'aunin juyawa na kayan aiki. Ana samar da motsin saurin ta mai yankan niƙa mai juyawa. Siffofin niƙa guda biyu na asali sune: Niƙa na gefe da kuma niƙa fuska.
Sauran ayyukan injuna na al'ada sun haɗa da siffata, tsarawa, ƙwanƙwasa da zaƙi. Har ila yau, aikin niƙa da makamantansu ana haɗa su a cikin nau'in inji.
Kayan aiki na yankan yana da nau'i ɗaya ko fiye masu kaifi kuma an yi shi da wani abu wanda ya fi ƙarfin aiki. Yanke gefen yana hidima don raba guntu daga kayan aikin iyaye. Haɗa zuwa gefen yanke shine saman biyu na kayan aiki:
Fuskar rake da gefe.
Fuskar rake wacce ke jagorantar kwararar sabuwar guntu, tana daidaitawa a wani kusurwa ana kiranta kusurwar rake “α”. Ana auna shi dangane da jirgin sama daidai da yanayin aikin. Kusurwar rake na iya zama tabbatacce ko mara kyau. Ƙwararren kayan aiki yana ba da izini tsakanin kayan aiki da sabon aikin da aka kafa, don haka yana kare farfajiyar daga abrasion, wanda zai lalata ƙarewa. Ana kiran wannan kusurwa tsakanin filin aiki da gefen gefen gefen gefen gefe. Akwai nau'ikan kayan aikin yankan guda biyu:
Kayan aiki mai ma'ana guda ɗaya da kayan aikin yankan-yawa da yawa
Kayan aiki guda ɗaya yana da yanki guda ɗaya kuma ana amfani dashi don juyawa, gundura da tsarawa. A lokacin machining, batu na kayan aiki yana shiga ƙasa da asalin aikin aikin aikin. A wani lokaci ana kewaya batu zuwa wani radius, wanda ake kira radin hanci.
Kayan aikin ƙwanƙwasa da yawa suna da fiye da guda ɗaya kuma yawanci suna cimma motsin su dangane da sashin aiki ta hanyar juyawa. Hakowa da niƙa suna amfani da kayan aikin yankan-baki da yawa. Kodayake siffofin waɗannan kayan aikin sun bambanta da kayan aiki guda ɗaya, abubuwa da yawa na lissafin kayan aiki suna kama da juna.
CNC Machining Products na Grey Iron
