Simintin Ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe

Ana amfani da karafa da yawa a masana'antar injiniya saboda fifikon su, kewayon kayan inji da ƙananan farashi. Har yanzu, ana amfani da karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba a aikace-aikace daban-daban don takamaiman kaddarorin su idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin ƙarfe duk da tsadar su gabaɗaya. Ana iya samun kaddarorin injiniyoyin da ake so a cikin waɗannan allunan ta hanyar ƙarfin aiki, taurin shekaru, da sauransu, amma ba ta hanyar tsarin kula da zafi na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su don gami da ƙarfe ba. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba na sha'awa sune aluminum, jan karfe, zinc, da magnesium

1. Aluminum

Daga cikin allunan da ba na ƙarfe ba, aluminium da kayan aikin sa sune mafi mahimmanci saboda kyawawan kaddarorin su. Wasu daga cikin kaddarorin tsaftataccen aluminum da ake amfani da su a masana'antar injiniya sune:

• 1) Kyakkyawan yanayin zafi (0.53 cal / cm / C)
• 2) Kyakkyawan ƙarfin lantarki (376 600 / ohm / cm)
• 3) Ƙananan yawa (2.7 g/cm)
• 4) Matsakaicin narkewa (658C)
• 5) Kyakkyawan juriya na lalata
• 6) Ba shi da guba.
• 7) Yana da ɗayan mafi girman nuni (85 zuwa 95%) da ƙarancin fitarwa (4 zuwa 5%).
• 8) Yana da taushi sosai kuma yana da ductile a sakamakon haka yana da kyawawan kayan masana'anta.

Wasu daga cikin aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da tsantsar aluminium gabaɗaya suna cikin masu gudanar da wutar lantarki, kayan fin radiators, raka'o'in kwandishan, na'urorin gani da haske, da kayan foil da kayan marufi.

Duk da aikace-aikacen da ke sama masu amfani, ba a amfani da aluminium mai tsafta saboda matsalolin kamar haka:

• 1) Yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi (65 MPa) da taurin (20 BHN)
• 2. Yana da matukar wahala a yi walda ko siyarwa.

Ana iya inganta kayan aikin injiniya na aluminium ta hanyar haɗawa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na musamman sune jan karfe, manganese, silicon, nickel da zinc.

Aluminum da jan karfe suna samar da sinadarin CuAl2. Sama da zafin jiki na 548 C yana narkar da gaba ɗaya cikin ruwa aluminum. Lokacin da aka kashe wannan kuma ya tsufa (tsawon lokacin riƙewa a 100 - 150C), ana samun gami mai tauri. CuAl2, wanda ba ya tsufa ba shi da lokacin hazo daga ingantaccen bayani na aluminium da jan karfe kuma don haka yana cikin matsayi mara ƙarfi (mafi-cike a yanayin ɗaki). Tsarin tsufa yana haifar da kyawawan barbashi na CuAl2, wanda ke haifar da ƙarfafa gami. Ana kiran wannan tsari hardening bayani.

Sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su na alloying sun kasance har zuwa 7% magnesium, har zuwa 1. 5% manganese, har zuwa 13% silicon, har zuwa 2% nickel, har zuwa 5% zinc kuma har zuwa 1.5% baƙin ƙarfe. Bayan waɗannan, ana iya ƙara titanium, chromium da columbium a cikin ƙananan kaso. An ba da abun da ke ciki na wasu allunan aluminum na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gyare-gyaren dindindin da simintin mutuwa a cikin Tebu 2. 10 tare da aikace-aikacen su. Ana nuna kaddarorin injina da ake tsammanin waɗannan kayan bayan an jefa su ta amfani da gyare-gyare na dindindin ko jefar da matsi a cikin Tebur 2.1

2. Tagulla

Hakazalika da aluminium, jan ƙarfe mai tsafta shima yana samun aikace-aikace mai faɗi saboda abubuwan da ke biyo baya

• 1) Ƙarƙashin wutar lantarki na jan ƙarfe mai tsabta yana da girma (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) a cikin mafi kyawun tsari. Duk wani ƙaramin ƙazanta yana saukar da ɗawainiya sosai. Misali, 0.1% phosphorous yana rage yawan aiki da kashi 40%.
• 2) Yana da babban zafin zafin jiki (0.92 cal/cm/C)
• 3) Karfe ne mai nauyi (takamaiman nauyi 8.93)
• 4) Ana iya haɗa shi da sauri ta hanyar brazing
• 5) Yana hana lalata,
• 6) Yana da launi mai daɗi.

Ana amfani da tagulla mai tsafta wajen kera wayar lantarki, sandunan bas, igiyoyin watsawa, bututun firiji da bututu.

Kayan aikin injiniya na jan karfe a cikin mafi kyawun yanayinsa ba su da kyau sosai. Yana da taushi kuma in mun gwada da rauni. Ana iya haɗa shi da riba don haɓaka kaddarorin injiniyoyi. Babban abubuwan da ake amfani da su na alloying sune zinc, tin, gubar da phosphorous.

Alloys na jan karfe da zinc ana kiran su brasses. Tare da abun ciki na zinc har zuwa 39%, jan ƙarfe yana samar da tsari guda ɗaya (α-phase). Irin wannan gami suna da babban ductility. Launi na gami ya kasance ja har zuwa abun ciki na zinc na 20%, amma bayan haka ya zama rawaya. Tsarin tsari na biyu da ake kira β-phase yana bayyana tsakanin 39 zuwa 46% na zinc. Haƙiƙa shine tsaka-tsakin ƙarfe na CuZn wanda ke da alhakin ƙara taurin. Ƙarfin tagulla yana ƙara ƙaruwa lokacin da aka ƙara ƙananan manganese da nickel.

Alloys na jan karfe tare da kwano ana kiransa tagulla. Tauri da ƙarfin tagulla yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙarar abun cikin gwangwani. A ductility kuma an rage tare da karuwa a cikin tin kashi sama 5. Lokacin da aluminum kuma ƙara (4 zuwa 11%), da sakamakon gami da ake kira aluminum tagulla, wanda yana da wani babba babba lalata juriya. Tagulla na da tsada idan aka kwatanta da tagulla saboda kasancewar tin wanda ƙarfe ne mai tsada.

3. Sauran Karfe Ba-Ferrous

Zinc

Zinc galibi ana amfani da shi a aikin injiniya saboda ƙarancin narkewar zafinsa (419.4 C) da juriya mai girma na lalata, wanda ke ƙaruwa da tsabtar zinc. Rashin juriya na lalacewa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar samuwar murfin oxide mai kariya a saman. Babban aikace-aikacen zinc suna cikin galvanizing don kare ƙarfe daga lalata, a cikin masana'antar bugu da kuma don jefar da simintin.

Rashin lahani na zinc shine anisotropy mai ƙarfi da aka nuna a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau, rashin kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin yanayin tsufa, raguwar ƙarfin tasiri a ƙananan yanayin zafi da kuma yiwuwar lalata tsakanin granular. Ba za a iya amfani da shi don sabis sama da zafin jiki na 95.C ba saboda zai haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ƙarfi da taurin ƙarfi.

Amfaninsa da yawa a cikin simintin gyare-gyaren mutuwa shine saboda yana buƙatar ƙananan matsa lamba, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman rayuwar mutu idan aka kwatanta da sauran matattun kayan simintin mutuwa. Har ila yau, yana da machinability mai kyau. Ƙarshen da aka samu ta hanyar yin amfani da zinc diecasting sau da yawa ya isa don bada garantin ƙarin aiki, sai dai cire walƙiyar da ke cikin jirgin da ke raba.

Magnesium

Saboda ƙananan nauyin su da ƙarfin injiniyoyi masu kyau, ana amfani da alluran magnesium a cikin sauri sosai. Don irin wannan taurin, kayan haɗin magnesium suna buƙatar kawai 37. 2% na nauyin C25 karfe don haka ceton nauyi. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na musamman sune aluminum da zinc. Magnesium gami na iya zama simintin yashi, simintin gyare-gyare na dindindin ko simintin siminti. Kaddarorin sassan gami da yashi-simintin magnesium sun yi daidai da na simintin gyare-gyare na dindindin ko abubuwan da aka kashe. Alloys ɗin simintin mutuwa gabaɗaya suna da babban abun ciki na jan karfe don ba da damar yin su daga karafa na biyu don rage farashi. Ana amfani da su don kera ƙafafun mota, crank case, da dai sauransu. Mafi girman abun ciki, mafi girman ƙarfin injina na kayan aikin magnesium da aka yi kamar birgima da abubuwan ƙirƙira. Magnesium alloys ana iya waldasu da sauri ta yawancin hanyoyin walda na gargajiya. Abubuwan da ke da amfani sosai na kayan aikin magnesium shine babban injin su. Suna buƙatar kusan kashi 15% na iko don injina idan aka kwatanta da ƙarancin ƙarfe na carbon.